"The World After Capital", de Albert Wenger (parte 7/7)

Fazemos esta tradução por uma  comunidade de entusiastas  gratuitamente. O autor está  ciente de nossa iniciativa . A tradução é distribuída sob a  licença Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0  como o  livro original . À medida que Albert continua atualizando e complementando o livro, ao lado de cada parte fornecemos um link para o capítulo original, o nome do autor da tradução e a data para que saibamos exatamente de quem é a tradução e qual versão estamos lendo.





O livro está disponível em https://worldaftercapital.org
https://worldaftercapital.org

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, World After Capital, . , .





, Our World in Data World After Capital, .





[: . «».]





:

Recorde de longa distância para voos não comerciais

: [Wikipedia, 2017: Flight distance record]





: ( 1000 )

A relação entre o crescimento do PIB per capita e uma diminuição na mortalidade infantil com uma desaceleração no crescimento populacional

: [United Nations DESA / Population Division, 2017: World Population Prospects 2017]





, : [The World Bank, 2017: World Development Indicators]





: [UN IGME, 2017: Child Mortality Estimates]





:

Apartamentos (milhões)
(.)

: [Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2017: Housing Inventory Estimate: Total Housing Units for the United States]





:

Grande divisão - PIB por pessoa (sin.) E renda média por família (vermelho).
—  (.) (.)

: [Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2017: FRED Graph]





: [Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2017: Real Median Family Income in the United States]





:

A proporção da dívida total das famílias em relação ao PIB nos Estados Unidos

: [Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2017: Households and Nonprofit Organizations; Credit Market Instruments; Liability, Level]





: [Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2017: Gross Domestic Product]





: ( / ) * 100





:

Suicídios de homens adultos brancos (sin.), Overdose em adultos (vermelho), depressão em adolescentes (amarelo)
(.), (.), (.)

: [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017: Fatal Injury Reports, National, Regional and State, 1981 – 2015]





: [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017: Fatal Injury Reports, National, Regional and State, 1981 – 2015]





: [Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2015: Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health]





:

Bens duráveis ​​(syn.), Serviços médicos (vermelho.), Educação universitária (amarelo.)
(.), - (.), (.)

( ) , : [Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2017: Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Durables]





: [Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2017: Medical care in U.S. city average, all urban consumers, not seasonally adjusted]





: [Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2017: College tuition and fees in U.S. city average, all urban consumers, not seasonally adjusted]





:

Despesas com saúde per capita: EUA (azul), países da OCDE (vermelho)
: (.), (.)

: [The World Bank, 2017: Health expenditure per capita (current US$)]





:

Custo de decodificação do genoma (sin.), Número de decodificação do genoma (vermelho)
(.), (.)

: [National Human Genome Research Institute, 2017: DNA Sequencing Costs: Data]





: [National Human Genome Research Institute, 2017: DNA Sequencing Costs: Data]





«», 550 (0,55 ) . 7,5 , 4 . 600 , 6E + 17 . , 152 , 400 000 (. ).









(+, -, x, /)













5.1E+18





[Trenberth, Kevin E and Smith, Lesley, 2003: The Mass of the Atmosphere: A Constraint on Global Analyses]





%





75%





[UCAR Center for Science Education, 2011: The Troposphere - overview]





%





20%





[UCAR Center for Science Education, 2008: Thermosphere - overview]









/ 1,217 /^3





[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, 2016: Earth Fact Sheet]









= 6,28E+17 ^3













0,55 ^3 (550 )





[How Stuff Works, 2017: How much oxygen does a person consume in a day?]





2017





7.5E+9 ()





[Worldometers, 2017: Current World Population]









4.13E+9 ^3













1,51E+12 ^3













152 386 643













417 497









, , , 2 . , , CO2 . , — CO2 0,04% 400 ( , ) [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2010: Recent Monthly Average Mauna Loa CO2]. , 20% 500 .





? , , . , . . , , 50 [BASF Corporation, 2012: BASF’s Port Elizabeth facility produces 50 millionth emissions control catalyst for automotive catalytic converters].





, . 10 ( 24 , ). , 10^15 . 2,5 (0,0025 ) , 19 . , , . , 4 [The World Bank, 2014: Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion cubic meters)]. , 2600 (. ). 2600 , , , , , 97 .









(+, -, x, /)













10,53E+15 ^3





[The USGS Water Science School, 2016: How much water is there on, in, and above the Earth?]





,





0,0025 ^3 (2,5 )





[University of Michigan Health System, 2015: Myth of 8 Glasses of Water a Day]





2017





7.5E+9 ()





[Worldometers, 2017: Current World Population]









18 750 000 ^3













6.84E+09 ^3













3.99E+12 ^3





[The World Bank, 2014: Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion cubic meters)]









964 314













2 642









, , . , . . . , 50 [How Stuff Works, 2010: How much money can I save with a water filter?]. 30 (.: ≈115 ) 1,50 ( 12 ) [Statista, 2009: Per capita consumption of bottled water worldwide in 2015, by leading countries (in gallons)]. 28 , , , 90 , [The World Bank, 2016: Can we really put a price on meeting the global targets on drinking-water and sanitation?].









(+, -, x, /)









,





1E+16





[Hunger Math, 2012: How much food does the world produce in one year]





,





2740





[Hunger Math, 2012: How many calories will feed one billion hungry persons?]





2017





7.5E+9 ()





[Worldometers, 2017: Current World Population]





,





2.06E+13













7.50E+15









, . 25 78 , 1948 , [United States Department of Agriculture, 2015: U.S. Agricultural Productivity Growth: The Past, Challenges, and the Future].





, , , . , -. Spread , 30 000 [Business Insider, 2016: The world's first robot-run farm will harvest 30,000 heads of lettuce daily]. , , , .





2010 235 , 800 , 75 [Moura, Maria Cecilia; Smith, Steven; Belzer, David, 2015: 120 Years of U.S. Residential Housing Stock and Floor Space]. , , , (.: ) 8 , .





— American Housing Survey. [American Housing Survey, 2013: Rooms, Size, and Amenities - All Housing Units (NATIONAL)] 2013 , 230 . 316 , 230 * 10^9 / 316 * 10^6 = 727 67 .





— . , (2735 / 4) * 10^3, 683 * 10^3 , 1,737 . , , 0,683 * 10^6 * 1,737 * 10^3 = 1,186 * 10^9 ( 1 ) , 100 , 10 [American Housing Survey, 2013: Rooms, Size, and Amenities - All Housing Units (NATIONAL)].





, , . , , - . , [Federation of American Scientists, 2014: U.S. Textile Manufacturing and the Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiations], 2013 31,7 , 116 805 , 270 . : 13,4 , 143 575 , 93 . , .





, , . . , 200 [European Environment Agency, 2014: Per capita household expenditure on food and clothing and disposable income in European countries] [Statista, 2015: Per capita expenditure on apparel worldwide in 2015 and 2025, by region (in U.S. dollars)].





2012 1,7 [Fashion United, 2012: Global fashion industry statistics - International apparel]. 7 . 242 , , .





, [Newsweek, 2015: Robots Will Soon be Making You a Custom-Fitted Sweater], , [Just Style, 2015: Can robotics redefine the future of apparel manufacturing?].





[U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2015: Pocket Guide to Transportation]





2012, ( ) 2 664 445 (: ), 2012 ( ) 3 669 821, = 1,38 . , , 76% .





233 760 558 2012 220 931 982 2002 313 2012 . 233,7 / 313 = 0,75 .





4% [ARK Invest, 2014: How Many Cars can One Zipcar Replace: Zipcar and the Impact of Car Sharing on Auto Sales], .





. -, , . , . -, (, ) . , . 66% , — 10% [Statista, 2015: Percentage of U.S. hospital costs in 2015, by type of expense]. -, .





, , , , , 75 . . [Roser, Max, 2016: Everyone is better off – Life expectancy increased in all countries around the world], , 50% 75 . 37% 65 75, 13% . , 1950 .





, , . , , 80- Apple II, 48 8- 1 . 1300 , 5000 . Raspberry Pi 2 35 ( 99,3%) 1 ( 21000 ) 32- 900 ( 14000 ). , Xiaomi 100 . 2015 1,4 [International Data Corporation, 2015: Smartphone Shipments Reach Second Highest Level for a Single Quarter as Worldwide Volumes Reach 355.2 Million in the Third Quarter, According to IDC]. , , .





()

, , . Apple II, , . 300 / 40 /. , LTE , -, 70 / 30 / ( 100 000 ). , , ​​ , , . , Wi-Fi , 200 4 / 1500 . 1 / 4 7500 . (.: ), .





, ( CO2) . , 2017 , 85% 30 , , 2030 [World Economic Forum, 2017: Germany just broke its own energy record and generated 85% of electricity from renewables]. 61,5% , 2016 , (, , , , ), [EcoWatch, 2017: Renewables Dominated New U.S. Power Generation in 2016]. . , . , , . , .






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